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<title>Concurrent Versions System</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Concurrent Versions System</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/project/memberlist.php?detailed=1&group=cvs">The CVS Team</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 19, 1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1990-11-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.11.23<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

/ May 8, 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008-05-08</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.12.13<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

/ September 28, 2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2005-09-28</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/cvs">savannah<wbr>.nongnu<wbr>.org<wbr>/projects<wbr>/cvs</a></span> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">Revision control</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-1.0-or-later</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvs.nongnu.org">cvs<wbr>.nongnu<wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Concurrent Versions System</b> (<b>CVS</b>, or <b>Concurrent Versioning System</b>) is a <a href="Version_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Version control system">version control system</a> originally developed by <a href="Dick_Grune" title="Dick Grune">Dick Grune</a> in July 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-ximbiot_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ximbiot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>CVS operates as a <a href="Front_end_and_back_end" class="mw-redirect" title="Front end and back end">front end</a> to <a href="Revision_Control_System" title="Revision Control System">Revision Control System</a> (RCS), an older version control system that manages individual files but not whole projects. It expands upon RCS by adding support for repository-level change tracking, and a client-server model.<sup id="cite_ref-Stopak_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stopak-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Files are tracked using the same history format as in RCS, with a <a href="Hidden_directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden directory">hidden directory</a> containing a corresponding history file for each file in the repository.

</p><p>CVS uses <a href="Delta_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta compression">delta compression</a> for efficient storage of different versions of the same file. This works well with large text files with few changes from one version to the next. This is usually the case for source code files. On the other hand, when CVS is told to store a file as binary, it will keep each individual version on the server. This is typically used for non-text files such as executable images where it is difficult to create compact deltas between versions.

</p><p>CVS excludes <a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a> because when they are stored in a version control system they can pose a security risk. For instance, a symbolic link to a sensitive file can be stored in the repository, making the sensitive file accessible even when it is not checked in. In place of symbolic links, scripts that require certain privileges and conscious intervention to execute may be checked into CVS.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div>

<p>CVS labels a single project (set of related files) that it manages as a <i><a href="Module_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Module (programming)">module</a></i>. A CVS server stores the modules it manages in its <i><a href="Information_repository" title="Information repository">repository</a></i>. Programmers acquire copies of modules by <i>checking out</i>. The checked-out files serve as a <i>working copy</i>, <i>sandbox</i> or <i>workspace</i>. Changes to the working copy are reflected in the repository by <i><a href="Commit_(data_management)" title="Commit (data management)">committing</a></i> them. To <i>update</i> is to acquire or <i><a href="Merge_(revision_control)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merge (revision control)">merge</a></i> the changes in the repository with the working copy.

</p><p>CVS uses a <a href="Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> architecture: a server stores the current version(s) of a <a href="Project" title="Project">project</a> and its history, and clients connect to the server in order to "check out" a complete copy of the project, work on this copy and then later "check in" their changes. CVS servers can allow "anonymous read access",<sup id="cite_ref-anoncvs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anoncvs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein clients may check out and compare versions with either a blank or simple published password (e.g., "anoncvs"); only the check-in of changes requires a personal account and password in these scenarios. Several developers may work on the same project concurrently, each one editing files within their own "working copy" of the project, and sending (or <i>checking in</i>) their modifications to the server. To avoid conflicts, the server only accepts changes made to the most recent version of a file. Developers are therefore expected to keep their working copy up-to-date by incorporating other people's changes on a regular basis. This task is mostly handled automatically by the CVS client, requiring manual intervention only when an <a href="Edit_conflict" title="Edit conflict">edit conflict</a> arises between a checked-in modification and the yet-unchecked local version of a file. Clients can also use the "update" command to bring their local copies up-to-date with the newest version on the server. Clients can also compare versions, request a complete history of changes, or check out a historical snapshot of the project (e.g., based on a given date). If the check-in operation succeeds, then the version numbers of all files involved automatically increment, and the server writes a user-supplied description line, the date and the author's name to its <a href="Data_logging" class="mw-redirect" title="Data logging">log</a> files. CVS can also run external, user-specified log processing scripts following each commit. These scripts are installed by an entry in CVS's <code>loginfo</code> file, which can trigger email notification or convert the log data into a Web-based format.

</p><p>CVS can also maintain different "branches" of a project. For instance, a released version of the software project may form one branch, used for bug fixes, while a version under current development, with major changes and new features, can form a separate branch. CVS assumes that the majority of work takes place on the trunk, and that branches should generally be short-lived or historical. When used as designed, branches are easily managed and branch operations are efficient and fast.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-Sussman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-Sussman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portability">Portability</h2></div>

<p>The server software normally runs on <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> (although at least the <a href="CVSNT" title="CVSNT">CVSNT</a> server also supports various flavors of <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>), while CVS clients may run on any major <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> platform.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Grune recalled:<sup id="cite_ref-Grune_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grune-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I created CVS to be able to cooperate with my students, Erik Baalbergen and Maarten Waage, on the ACK (<a href="Amsterdam_Compiler_Kit" title="Amsterdam Compiler Kit">Amsterdam Compiler Kit</a>) C compiler. The three of us had vastly different schedules (one student was a steady 9-5 worker, the other was irregular, and I could work on the project only in the evenings). Their project ran from July 1984 to August 1985. CVS was initially called cmt, for the obvious reason that it allowed us to commit versions independently.

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<p>Grune publicly released the code on June 23, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-mod.sources_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mod.sources-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The code that eventually evolved into the current version of CVS started with Brian Berliner in April 1989, with later input from Jeff Polk and many other contributors. Brian Berliner wrote a paper introducing his improvements to the CVS program—which describes how the tool was extended and used internally by Prisma, a third-party developer working on the SunOS kernel, and was released for the benefit of the community under the GPL.<sup id="cite_ref-Berliner_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berliner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 19, 1990, CVS version 1.0 was submitted to the <a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> for development and distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-1.0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The latest version was released on 8 May 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-latestversion_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latestversion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_and_successors">Adoption and successors</h2></div>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p> In the world of open source software, the Concurrent Version System (CVS) has long been the tool of choice for version control. And rightly so. CVS itself is free software, and its non-restrictive <i>modus operandi</i> and support for networked operation—which allow dozens of geographically dispersed programmers to share their work—fits the collaborative nature of the open-source world very well. CVS and its semi-chaotic development model have become cornerstones of open-source.<sup id="cite_ref-svnbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svnbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Over time, developers have created new version control systems based on CVS in order to add features, alter the operational model, and improve developers' productivity. CVS replacement projects include <a href="CVSNT" title="CVSNT">CVSNT</a> and <a href="Subversion_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (software)">Subversion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FUD_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_version-control_software" title="Comparison of version-control software">Comparison of version-control software</a></li>

<li><a href="Cervisia" title="Cervisia">Cervisia</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenGrok" title="OpenGrok">OpenGrok</a></li>

<li><a href="TortoiseCVS" title="TortoiseCVS">TortoiseCVS</a></li>

<li><a href="ViewVC" title="ViewVC">ViewVC</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/news/?id=5273">Stable CVS Version 1.11.23 Released!</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/news/?id=4010">CVS Feature Version 1.12.13 Released! * Security Update *</a></span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvs.savannah.nongnu.org/viewvc/cvs/ccvs/README?view=markup">"Contents of /ccvs/README"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ximbiot-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ximbiot_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415051926/http://ximbiot.com/cvs/manual/cvs-1.12.12/cvs_1.html">"CVS--Concurrent Versions System v1.12.12.1: Overview"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ximbiot.com/cvs/manual/cvs-1.12.12/cvs_1.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Stopak-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stopak_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStopak2019" class="citation web cs1">Stopak, Jacob (November 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://initialcommit.com/blog/Technical-Guide-VCS-Internals">"The Evolution of Version Control System (VCS) Internals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-anoncvs-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anoncvs_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_D._CranorTheo_de_Raadt1999" class="citation web cs1">Charles D. Cranor; Theo de Raadt (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbsd.org/papers/anoncvs-paper.pdf">"Opening The Source Repository With Anonymous CVS, USENIX 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.openbsd.org/papers/anoncvs-paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Collins-Sussman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins-Sussman_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCollins-SussmanGreg_Ward2004" class="citation web cs1">Collins-Sussman, Ben; Greg Ward (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svn.haxx.se/users/archive-2004-09/0681.shtml">"Subversion Users: Re: Performance (Subversion vs. CVS)"</a>. <i>subversion-users</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-West-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-West_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWest2004" class="citation web cs1">West, Adrian (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803183951/http://www.adrianwest.org/cvs_perf_fix/cvs_perf_fix.htm">"cvs branchtag performance fix"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adrianwest.org/cvs_perf_fix/cvs_perf_fix.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Grune-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grune_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dickgrune.com/Programs/CVS.orig/">"Concurrent Versions System CVS"</a>. <i>dickgrune.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mod.sources-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mod.sources_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDick_Grune1986" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Dick Grune (July 3, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/mod.sources/msg/2ebab72ac0744fb8?dmode=source">"CVS, an RCS front-end (cvs)"</a>. <a href="Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:mod.sources">mod.sources</a>. <a href="Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:122@mirror.UUCP">122@mirror.UUCP</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Berliner-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berliner_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040909083546/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/berliner90cvs.html">"CVS II: Parallelizing Software Development - Berliner (ResearchIndex)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/berliner90cvs.html">the original</a> on September 9, 2004.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-1.0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1.0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/cvs/ccvs/NEWS?view=markup&revision=1.1">"[cvs] Contents of /ccvs/NEWS"</a>. <i>cvs.savannah.gnu.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-latestversion-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latestversion_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=5309">"Concurrent Versions System - News: Stable CVS Version 1.11.23 Released! [Savannah]"</a>. <i>savannah.nongnu.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-svnbook-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-svnbook_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Collins-Sussman, Version Control with Subversion For Subversion 1.1, 2005</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-faq-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faq_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subversion.apache.org/faq.html#why">"Subversion FAQ: Why does this project exist?"</a>. <a href="Subversion_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (software)">Subversion</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FUD-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FUD_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718233416/http://www.red-bean.com/sussman/svn-anti-fud.html">"Dispelling Subversion FUD"</a>. Ben Collins-Sussman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.red-bean.com/sussman/svn-anti-fud.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDavid_ThomasAndrew_Hunt2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Dave_Thomas_(programmer)" title="Dave Thomas (programmer)">David Thomas</a>; <a href="Andy_Hunt_(author)" title="Andy Hunt (author)">Andrew Hunt</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pragmaticversion00thom"><i>Pragmatic Version Control Using CVS</i></a></span>. The Pragmatic Programmers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9745140-0-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Vesperman2006" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Vesperman (2006). <i>Essential CVS</i> (2e ed.). O'Reilly. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-596-52703-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPer_Cederqvist2002" class="citation book cs1">Per Cederqvist; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805142426/http://www.network-theory.co.uk/docs/cvsmanual/"><i>Version Management with CVS</i></a>. Network Theory. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9541617-1-8</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/docs/cvsmanual/">the original</a> on 2014-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-25</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPer_Cederqvist2005" class="citation book cs1">Per Cederqvist; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.gnu.org/non-gnu/cvs/source/feature/1.12.13/cederqvist-1.12.13.pdf"><i>Version Management with CVS for cvs 1.12.13</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Free Software Foundation, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-26</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Franz_FogelMoshe_Bar2003" class="citation book cs1">Karl Franz Fogel; <a href="Moshe_Bar_(investor)" title="Moshe Bar (investor)">Moshe Bar</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716125342/http://cvsbook.red-bean.com/"><i>Open Source Development with CVS</i></a>. Paraglyph Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-932111-81-6</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com/">the original</a> on 2014-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2002-02-05</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/cvs">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Version_control_software443" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Version_control" title="Version control">Version control software</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Years, where available, indicate the date of first stable release. Systems with names <i>in italics</i> are no longer maintained or have planned end-of-life dates.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free/open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Librarian_(version_control_system)" title="The Librarian (version control system)">The Librarian</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Panvalet" title="Panvalet">Panvalet</a> (1970s)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Client–server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free/open-source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CVSNT" title="CVSNT">CVSNT</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="QVCS" title="QVCS">QVCS Enterprise</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Apache_Subversion" title="Apache Subversion">Subversion</a> (2000)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AccuRev_SCM" title="AccuRev SCM">AccuRev SCM</a> (2002)</li>

<li>Azure DevOps

<ul><li><a href="Azure_DevOps_Server" title="Azure DevOps Server">Server</a> (via <a href="Azure_DevOps_Server#TFVC" title="Azure DevOps Server">TFVC</a>) (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Services</a> (via <a href="Azure_DevOps_Server#TFVC" title="Azure DevOps Server">TFVC</a>) (2014)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rational_ClearCase" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational ClearCase">ClearCase</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="Dimensions_CM" title="Dimensions CM">Dimensions CM</a> (1980s)</li>

<li><a href="PTC_Integrity" title="PTC Integrity">Integrity</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="Perforce_Helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Perforce Helix">Perforce Helix</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="CA_Harvest_Software_Change_Manager" title="CA Harvest Software Change Manager">Software Change Manager</a> (1970s)</li>

<li><a href="StarTeam" title="StarTeam">StarTeam</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Surround_SCM" title="Surround SCM">Surround SCM</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Rational_Synergy" title="Rational Synergy">Synergy</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Rational_Team_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Team Concert">Team Concert</a> (2008)</li>

<li><a href="Vault_(version_control_system)" title="Vault (version control system)">Vault</a> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe" title="Microsoft Visual SourceSafe">Visual SourceSafe</a></i> (1994)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Distributed_version_control" title="Distributed version control">Distributed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free/open-source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="BitKeeper" title="BitKeeper">BitKeeper</a></i> (2000)</li>

<li><a href="Breezy_(software)" title="Breezy (software)">Breezy</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Darcs" title="Darcs">Darcs</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Fossil_(software)" title="Fossil (software)">Fossil</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Bazaar" title="GNU Bazaar">GNU Bazaar</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Monotone_(software)" title="Monotone (software)">Monotone</a> (2003)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Azure DevOps

<ul><li><a href="Azure_DevOps_Server" title="Azure DevOps Server">Server</a> (via Git) (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Services</a> (via Git) (2014)</li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Sun_WorkShop_TeamWare" title="Sun WorkShop TeamWare">TeamWare</a></i> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="Plastic_SCM" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic SCM">Plastic SCM</a> (2006)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baseline_(configuration_management)" title="Baseline (configuration management)">Baseline</a></li>

<li><a href="Branching_(version_control)" title="Branching (version control)">Branch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Branching_(version_control)#Development_branch" title="Branching (version control)">Trunk</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Changeset" title="Changeset">Changeset</a></li>

<li><a href="Commit_(version_control)" title="Commit (version control)">Commit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gated_commit" title="Gated commit">Gated</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta compression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interleaved_deltas" title="Interleaved deltas">Interleaved</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_comparison" title="File comparison">File comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Merge_(version_control)" title="Merge (version control)">Merge</a></li>

<li><a href="Monorepo" title="Monorepo">Monorepo</a></li>

<li><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><b>Category</b></li>

<li><b><a href="Comparison_of_version-control_software" title="Comparison of version-control software">Comparison</a></b></li>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467252#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata934" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467252#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/179955429">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4597700-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99833687">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135668548">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135668548">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987009950843105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/052592642">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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